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发表于 2016-7-3 17:52
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASION# j/ N' ] O3 i$ \, n/ s9 t( B" ?
Formal Statements
! H8 ^' V8 i v$ E4 H; _ 1. Public Speeches# i; ]* i1 @2 x2 Z" y
2. Letters of opposition or support* ` O' l" [* m) z/ C3 L9 [5 Z
3. Declarations by organizations and institutions0 P {' r1 z7 g. ]$ x
4. Signed public statements4 l+ c1 K/ r. D
5. Declarations of indictment and intention5 z3 {. z2 l' U8 y+ n9 [2 s
6. Group or mass petitions, [! n+ ?0 Z* k" S( Y$ c e
3 }5 E% q0 B1 L' p( A( Z3 z4 G7 \
Communications with a Wider Audience
2 J! U- c; @' W( M/ x O 7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols
0 z) e3 Y( t& O' |8 D 8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications
. r7 J3 a! N3 W; a# f" C* x; j 9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books( H9 P' H c5 c* a+ ^0 ?; [) |5 D* X
10. Newspapers and journals- u$ Z1 a7 V6 f6 ^5 L4 o8 r
11. Records, radio, and television/ K1 ]" c8 \9 Q3 n1 F
12. Skywriting and earthwriting a% o% _* [2 x5 W0 D: Y# g
% r0 f% d- D$ B# P* ]" ?$ `/ |
Group Representations/ u1 W& d% g l) z9 ?0 Y" I6 E
13. Deputations& h, _6 e0 n* H0 V
14. Mock awards* r- u. k" ~8 S
15. Group lobbying% k/ N$ J7 b# W- F. @, z
16. Picketing
8 L* z* T s* w2 h$ z" L* b& { 17. Mock elections3 y" A0 D) V' _ K6 ^
4 h' a6 } q9 X+ K; y+ i+ W6 r
Symbolic Public Acts
' r5 ]$ m0 d( D3 |( |& K 18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors
1 _6 _* f$ a, s* ? 19. Wearing of symbols+ H, @, W& S5 ?4 d/ J
20. Prayer and worship
( X2 ]: n+ O, u 21. Delivering symbolic objects- M2 }7 T* H& K$ Z3 @
22. Protest disrobings
5 ?) _+ d% }) W, ^6 l 23. Destruction of own property
; ^' k% H/ I1 {( d/ Y. x' q 24. Symbolic lights
. Q l; H- r# ? 25. Displays of portraits
6 I3 }" s1 L- a" d$ X8 B$ Q4 S6 [ 26. Paint as protest
0 W$ P7 k, A) ? 27. New signs and names
7 r7 B! I' f( J; ?6 m$ r( d5 o3 N- V 28. Symbolic sounds
4 G* ?0 R3 B% ^: I7 R; k! U$ f 29. Symbolic reclamations
- ?" ~; `+ ^ _8 E, r. ^% K; s3 f! _ 30. Rude gestures/ f" @2 H; [! T, S2 y! j+ g
4 r T9 g/ ]3 J3 B6 U- [1 ?7 xPressures on Individuals
/ W6 E1 l( ]% `( {. ] 31. “Haunting” officials
# h" l/ C) E9 Q! R 32. Taunting officials
+ b( _/ G& U4 v9 `8 Z 33. Fraternization. ?% g+ W4 A6 \9 d7 i2 E) I
34. Vigils0 R) X" a/ P1 Q& E* p( ~2 d
' Q( a e- N* a$ I; v
Drama and Music8 _$ k3 h8 o6 j9 ~$ J
35. Humorous skits and pranks
, Z$ B! G! F" v: o 36. Performances of plays and music
3 H# i* n' { ` 37. Singing
7 ~, l- H1 j9 v. m7 J/ {* s; g7 n) C
Processions. r7 s: h3 {% n# T& p+ R
38. Marches
: T$ b% I: c: d/ E 39. Parades
. g6 X, t+ M+ C; @9 i# p 40. Religious processions. h' w0 Y% W: E! ?
41. Pilgrimages
+ Z- g6 D: Y" E% z4 |/ i% j6 q 42. Motorcades
: n! n- d6 F, T! @" x
7 X5 t% a3 A* FHonoring the Dead5 J# E/ H; v& ^3 H. c
43. Political mourning$ ] z2 L' L+ u+ S2 M
44. Mock funerals
: X( V0 Y1 q, {$ R 45. Demonstrative funerals
2 V( H* T- x; V 46. Homage at burial places
1 A7 z: Y7 [) s
4 G u5 d5 U2 g' g) o# ]Public Assemblies2 N; y5 J) @8 J( s5 \1 ^9 f
47. Assemblies of protest or support# F1 @) u( v5 k. g$ }7 M3 L1 D
48. Protest meetings* i2 }; _% E b' ?; z/ [% f5 E
49. Camouflaged meetings of protest' t9 l8 k8 y7 |6 l
50. Teach-ins
+ V4 B2 }, Y* W/ {' U% ]$ _2 E# k3 n0 M! y! t# g6 z
Withdrawal and Renunciation/ M* U1 B0 p# ~ ~
51. Walk-outs9 c9 T0 k/ H8 L# @' c) h
52. Silence
[( ]6 O; e: m# o1 w7 w 53. Renouncing honors
% X/ z+ c( j# A 54. Turning one’s back) J4 l, w' S1 k, V# L" y. t
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/ W4 w- p7 Q- h/ F" dTHE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATION
z/ {# h8 P9 g7 B/ ~0 ?$ r( B9 e+ |) G* ?! ?
8 B' e4 h$ B) `
' q. ?! p7 \ I1 M7 m8 U; ]Ostracism of Persons, _/ e9 t1 k1 x- Z
55. Social boycott
7 n6 f# I. [/ V 56. Selective social boycott
* F0 W; \0 e g' [% \ E 57. Lysistratic nonaction( a' E" x$ G) w' T+ o8 }* t
58. Excommunication* h& K8 _+ M! Z$ T' k0 C/ ]
59. Interdict
: y+ ? ~7 J* X* w$ t$ w$ p1 n
4 @: y6 W3 h$ E5 y1 B SNoncooperation with Social Events, Customs, and Institutions0 }0 g5 f& R, V2 [' Q5 M* J
60. Suspension of social and sports activities
7 U) v8 @0 ^9 ^ n- f 61. Boycott of social affairs
$ d6 N' k8 v' Y 62. Student strike
, j2 |/ A. e j- u4 H& R# d3 o 63. Social disobedience. b9 r6 _1 W" {9 U- e
64. Withdrawal from social institutions; p6 H) Z, @- p W" A5 d$ f
2 \2 A" p$ b6 P: S4 V/ g. X
Withdrawal from the Social System
: s! @" T/ T7 M$ Z+ k1 d1 y- Y 65. Stay-at-home
- t4 O& H4 J( _+ T" I4 B6 f 66. Total personal noncooperation
$ J* v0 c [' } N 67. “Flight” of workers3 w, k' j& }5 F8 v$ ?% o
68. Sanctuary
% \6 _0 M! H. e& J 69. Collective disappearance
+ D& e f! y7 N3 A) ~9 ^ 70. Protest emigration (hijrat)2 h8 _4 c. l/ o* a
1 y: G3 o1 ~0 D! |6 y5 {+ K
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THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: ECONOMIC BOYCOTTS. T: L2 H+ f9 J; P6 L y- m) @
5 d, z" V+ B- ?2 V
% m( c8 F$ ~8 p' Z) U g% rActions by Consumers
# m6 s( M5 {: u% x4 }3 u/ Z9 k 71. Consumers’ boycott1 i# t9 }4 P8 j& r. ~: H& Q
72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods' G+ W/ H# N) C; c- @
73. Policy of austerity
: x3 T* Z5 v5 U9 o1 m4 E/ Q5 ?" F6 W 74. Rent withholding2 H$ v- F& ?& j) z1 ~
75. Refusal to rent3 {! J* C& m$ X) }' D8 `- |- U4 m. _
76. National consumers’ boycott
2 r7 {0 j$ z/ M1 ?: I, \ 77. International consumers’ boycott
o% l( ?4 P# K$ ?! x- ], o# a$ J( e* N
Action by Workers and Producers
5 d& y5 |5 V0 \ 78. Workmen’s boycott4 n! ^& A) W! n) X( m; |- _
79. Producers’ boycott$ e* @6 O ]& e N, o
6 F& C& O, Z, `. s0 G% j0 s
Action by Middlemen
+ c0 w, I" |9 S; J! g; J: [* { 80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycott" h: k. V7 h. l3 |6 R
7 L, r( n3 Y. W: T! M
Action by Owners and Management
. H0 S& D0 F( Z5 { 81. Traders’ boycott
$ u5 Y z& }4 \ 82. Refusal to let or sell property$ u) P9 g6 F0 e$ C1 y. B
83. Lockout
9 f2 I! A6 \4 M, r) D) D 84. Refusal of industrial assistance# I2 n* T3 ]/ }2 }1 h5 }
85. Merchants’ “general strike”9 H+ P$ `5 k2 K3 D% D r
# ]" |7 j+ l; KAction by Holders of Financial Resources
5 q$ V2 b. l+ I" ]5 a8 f/ y Q2 J 86. Withdrawal of bank deposits& F' o+ F- U n, p5 J4 ^
87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments
* M; x0 R' d0 e% `) P* A 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest
$ O& r5 q! w& o x2 K% F 89. Severance of funds and credit
- g5 {2 {' Q5 B" b+ z" T 90. Revenue refusal
# {/ j9 i) P v* G, P 91. Refusal of a government’s money
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3 v' o1 o# `, ~ S+ c1 C; K+ }Action by Governments
0 e5 j3 {, [9 ?# n: v 92. Domestic embargo" c* v8 J2 \, {/ d2 R- P
93. Blacklisting of traders
+ I. a/ v8 ^% e! ] 94. International sellers’ embargo
3 D' @, @: @! g1 w o2 ^# W% O3 Q D 95. International buyers’ embargo/ n+ ]- A! L/ r( K% }+ H$ U z. q
96. International trade embargo
8 F+ k* O5 O! o: r0 d
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7 J# I; t) I6 Q @& k y6 k$ d X5 l
THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATION: THE STRIKE
6 N- D4 U \7 D8 J7 d
: ^: B2 `' H8 ~1 _
3 Z0 l9 M, U+ A6 m" z1 QSymbolic Strikes# T3 Y g" Z! L6 O# p/ J5 q$ T
97. Protest strike
6 ?6 \# }2 H- O: I1 T 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)$ g! e2 A, ~3 J
" H6 z V+ b$ _5 VAgricultural Strikes
2 N) |: t1 J6 x8 j 99. Peasant strike, ?3 P. x' p; q- [6 c, t; C
100. Farm Workers’ strike1 Z$ _8 b' @: E. v8 [) |( I9 O' m
: y8 R& ^) [- M( ?9 g3 H1 j: }# mStrikes by Special Groups: y# D/ k: j- h; _
101. Refusal of impressed labor
4 O8 z3 c/ Q4 q. r 102. Prisoners’ strike
' o5 a- }" Z& r4 { 103. Craft strike3 F, i- K; P0 T
104. Professional strike
$ o# A2 C: z& W; R9 M5 d& S0 r
0 F. Z( B7 a# C# j8 b, M7 w* ZOrdinary Industrial Strikes. b7 e" f/ w+ \/ l8 S
105. Establishment strike7 M$ z* d3 h' `3 d' o' k
106. Industry strike# @, A/ @, }) {" D d
107. Sympathetic strike! w/ S' m5 ^7 K' U" p# U# W% t
* y( b3 ]9 s0 ~* ?
Restricted Strikes0 |/ ]" V$ |8 m8 o+ A
108. Detailed strike
/ t |/ b" c ?9 y$ f, ^ 109. Bumper strike# u T) V' l' V8 G% X. D0 Y) s
110. Slowdown strike5 w4 J3 W- ^8 f1 C" I; N. r
111. Working-to-rule strike$ B3 ~1 a3 a5 Z% ^
112. Reporting “sick” (sick-in)& t+ n C% G7 U, `3 w( i" \
113. Strike by resignation' h; b% S2 i& D7 G1 f
114. Limited strike1 A8 p8 z4 F% C( g. q) F
115. Selective strike
% y4 _& X; f+ K9 ?1 ^* {
3 Y7 Y) S. E- p% iMulti-Industry Strikes8 z7 l# ~0 c9 j8 O
! z \# S6 K' n( O- k 116. Generalized strike. t4 @) H5 A; x- S" @
( M, W" a. b; Q2 [3 p k7 l5 q1 @( O, m 117. General strike
. X( i5 ~) h0 e# e( G. t0 E- ?+ E; V7 | m$ q5 m
Combination of Strikes and Economic Closures" t Y1 x; n6 |" y' j5 z% H
Y$ z4 j& L1 E
118. Hartal
5 t& l( O- j( Q7 w @. N+ Y8 A4 r8 a+ h4 ~9 x
119. Economic shutdown9 e1 b% Y; j! i1 i3 y* x
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# B8 M3 A$ @9 W. w2 }" u# JTHE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATION
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Rejection of Authority! ?; u1 [' |* F0 }' V8 B2 o V5 h
120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance* [ w( z- P- x0 k3 d& F
121. Refusal of public support
8 Z: U) f+ R/ X1 a 122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance: M; R9 l# B: J
3 |7 m7 S, T4 x# A
Citizens’ Noncooperation with Government
) R. W5 m( j; q& E0 v 123. Boycott of legislative bodies! k) J4 {/ o' \
124. Boycott of elections5 g5 g Z; n: a: s0 a8 Y8 H
125. Boycott of government employment and positions0 _# y- ^' R; t8 c7 b5 R
126. Boycott of government depts., agencies, and other bodies- ^( z# ~: a8 p5 m/ H; ?
127. Withdrawal from government educational institutions5 i4 m7 I# B4 i1 K( A% {
128. Boycott of government-supported organizations
9 {' g$ P+ Q* p 129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents" i0 I0 J/ r7 u
130. Removal of own signs and placemarks0 \0 q+ c, X. k" }
131. Refusal to accept appointed officials
1 L- b1 \5 a/ \6 L! P; F; R4 f2 T 132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions% z1 s7 b; |7 Z( u% W1 o# T8 L1 C
0 ^( h* {9 f, q1 j, S# J P
Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience
! [" r6 }: j8 U* K 133. Reluctant and slow compliance$ J4 P' T/ A' z
134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision
) \1 a, {+ g* Q5 n 135. Popular nonobedience4 M& ]2 a2 V( E% E) x) C W
136. Disguised disobedience
$ C4 C' k: z, E7 ^2 [, W+ E 137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse
3 g+ ?! g A1 |$ d7 x; k 138. Sitdown
( C9 m) U2 D! } 139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation6 [: y1 b6 W$ ^4 Y0 K6 y
140. Hiding, escape, and false identities. K+ S2 p4 G% N1 N$ J
141. Civil disobedience of “illegitimate” laws4 W( D' O- [( y3 C& M' T4 h
( c! v# I `7 K' {( t
Action by Government Personnel
! q w$ {) v8 H9 L 142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides
# |" R! D& t5 [( Q. E' v 143. Blocking of lines of command and information7 W" t' X9 b" [6 T6 g; E
144. Stalling and obstruction
' O; ~/ N& }" o0 d/ ? 145. General administrative noncooperation1 W4 b2 Q7 L4 ]
* y+ z$ s& g2 P* Q 146. Judicial noncooperation
/ _2 G; Q1 x* u& Y6 D- @5 T/ |* H 147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents
3 i7 Z( i m, `2 e: D 148. Mutiny5 g5 r/ o, {' z
Domestic Governmental Action$ }& F' i5 }; c+ d
149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays
4 M! i- F: d0 v5 { 150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units: R9 l8 l! `' f
8 r- N |. P" N7 d/ f
International Governmental Action8 S) M) [' O- l
151. Changes in diplomatic and other representations
0 m% q4 Z& O+ G# ~ 152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events0 \) l# A6 T) t9 f3 ~' T
153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition
* W2 f, }) w9 P. r 154. Severance of diplomatic relations
3 d3 n. n& U7 p3 [ 155. Withdrawal from international organizations% j0 J2 U- {; x+ z3 d a; k
156. Refusal of membership in international bodies
. l8 t3 o3 u! m5 R" l8 |7 } 157. Expulsion from international organizations( E2 n& m0 |4 Y) Z" b
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THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTION
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: d6 w# _0 d3 ? r9 @1 \9 Q, D
Psychological Intervention% Q- V* Y+ n A, Y/ Y* R) Y& G
158. Self-exposure to the elements
2 \8 m2 b* |0 l( {0 m* s 159. The fast% h [- j$ M8 W) \7 }# m
a) Fast of moral pressure3 l, V( o7 Z4 ?4 Q1 O+ g3 I$ o
b) Hunger strike) G* h; g9 y3 K$ }0 e
c) Satyagrahic fast
$ T" M% p# Z: L6 p7 h. y 160. Reverse trial6 A% a" A9 x1 g' z3 K+ B- p
161. Nonviolent harassment
9 V$ \9 K; Y8 U0 s8 ~% V% Z, L) q9 _% w( i3 \! K
Physical Intervention' |4 h! ]- l0 ? `( V
162. Sit-in: a- P6 O' o5 b/ l( s4 h
163. Stand-in
. z N; j" s7 F H 164. Ride-in
+ z+ D# S* Y- ?- n o2 K5 R 165. Wade-in
& v2 L1 g( O& p7 V& P 166. Mill-in
$ u* \$ U \" E R% c; F 167. Pray-in
# p, Y/ M* m/ F- ]2 X 168. Nonviolent raids& K+ U+ l5 I9 N9 f
169. Nonviolent air raids
/ f) Y6 h/ t2 b- a 170. Nonviolent invasion7 R' _# [* L. ?$ k) O4 r. W
171. Nonviolent interjection, h& t7 z( j8 ]6 I3 p
172. Nonviolent obstruction
( z* p. h2 J# E1 k 173. Nonviolent occupation# C) o" Z, |6 A
+ c' G4 ]) P. ]9 G6 W7 _: ?# H; P ^Social Intervention
" y) \" @. t* w7 X. x 174. Establishing new social patterns# [' D+ ~. o/ A* a/ K. O
175. Overloading of facilities
6 S* ?: A2 ]8 o5 K1 e 176. Stall-in
$ s0 T/ b, o0 Z 177. Speak-in2 Q$ Z) G$ b, c8 ~
178. Guerrilla theater, o5 h# C' e. D
179. Alternative social institutions
3 g! H+ v, ]2 G7 k 180. Alternative communication system7 S+ w% e8 q* [0 M1 u# v8 l! [; H
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Economic Intervention
) Q) v+ N1 F+ A {* b; C 181. Reverse strike; d4 _7 S( |( ?: P
182. Stay-in strike- \6 C) J \% i
183. Nonviolent land seizure
* |/ L, V! U% I* e 184. Defiance of blockades
3 G0 s. L0 _- A 185. Politically motivated counterfeiting
1 k; S) {6 u& A/ g) `4 | 186. Preclusive purchasing
. ]6 Z3 Q! P! p0 n5 L: U) m ] L 187. Seizure of assets. {$ X7 J. T* U
188. Dumping
! m4 f1 w- ^+ n# J. @# V0 i4 Y 189. Selective patronage- b8 e6 w5 v# O) {! @: d2 c
190. Alternative markets2 Y, Y" ^7 M5 V) u; R A
191. Alternative transportation systems5 H2 i& I* U- I2 T# y+ k8 ^% m
192. Alternative economic institutions8 D$ g! {4 H9 Y2 k( U! A2 \0 y
8 F0 D, i: L2 {0 L5 v4 `" T
Political Intervention
, ` l% I$ G/ D+ _/ T* A 193. Overloading of administrative systems7 d6 T7 W; c R) R8 p& d# E
194. Disclosing identities of secret agents
; `) A( [% t& v) w v6 r 195. Seeking imprisonment, p. M$ [7 L4 J
196. Civil disobedience of “neutral” laws0 F8 S! B! I2 j* V) y" q( I
197. Work-on without collaboration5 R9 ]1 P* t1 F
198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government
5 s* m2 w% g, X7 _: c$ Z7 I
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楼主: reneeqq
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发表于 2016-7-2 18:23
发表于 2016-7-2 22:02
