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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable
! z( r: e9 Q0 p: a; {
2 {' X5 F+ f9 R. _2 n" q4 o- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -
7 a& R* |- s9 m2 g. H3 ?6 R% \. U# k {2 y
TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market
( K- p' B- F' Aexhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third
; _$ n+ h) a# l3 q% C, q4 Fquarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic: J: z7 a3 U; x( w
in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit. Q: ]" K5 U3 C: b# f
price gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and
" h# w" v) Q! E2 r0 ]more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,
# P) X( |- Z% E5 Z: U1 zQuebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal- ]0 P! n% a- `9 o. k! }
LePage Real Estate Services.6 k V5 H8 z. y3 ~* `
5 D) Y! a- p7 v3 @ Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters
5 k0 O1 c' j& a- lare forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic
5 X$ g9 a& M0 S* w: Pconditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and
; k9 O/ }' u/ m+ z. \# P I6 gsound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the
& p% I+ i" U2 uresidential real estate sector." o. u& D/ ], g. v. L/ J9 {
4 K( q6 p( P! W; y4 R
Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
" R6 R* x* `) [' \occurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)
; M; j- y5 `3 ]& Zyear-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562: I. O. h+ G5 [% g! w+ b8 k( X
(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380% \0 y% x4 Q* S, B0 T
(+13.2%).) F: F2 ? F% E3 v. T7 Y: n( K
8 ?, w' I# i0 ]- ~8 a
"Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth% P# D! o3 _/ E6 t/ B/ N
during the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the
6 _2 y* T. Y- m5 Rfrenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are
( w% U# o9 J) Upoised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,
' o: k0 u+ y# j3 u( C' n8 E+ vpresident and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.
/ d+ V( [! D) S4 x) I"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We
2 n$ L8 J9 k- k' [3 B1 E+ rwelcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy
) H7 @% M9 L; ^; v2 T) ?3 |! Gbalanced market."8 @4 I3 k- E* b5 X
/ C5 u4 }8 p, H, L9 S, L Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,
5 X! L2 s: ~& J( L2 ]considerable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift
* d8 O$ L2 W! [. d5 _to balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued
8 `' }/ K! Z c- k; P& Ithroughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core
6 c; @% o: l: q" E( Qenergy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,
7 V# o( w7 k& i+ r/ u0 |manageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record
0 N( @' x! ~8 Y4 d* O$ Lbreaking price appreciations.4 f, Y$ J3 m* @5 m6 q
0 a( A. M4 q t' z x; m$ u Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding
$ t: c0 z4 q) b8 t0 q2 ?9 a9 \ feconomy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the
) B/ X) K3 ^( D, q% ylargest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.# N' I& b, o' [ z6 r
0 M* {+ e, Y' q2 H& v# a
In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid
# r/ q6 M/ [2 J" D, z2 X0 }% @4 }economic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer4 s+ N$ H5 K2 B/ b: f4 S6 H3 ?
confidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off7 l4 X1 F" ?- g2 g O9 g/ G3 h
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.
* q- Y p" T" mIn Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers$ t8 Y( j! U' G: x
greater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of
& e* K" E5 A' u) Qprice appreciation when compared with 2005.
) _0 k3 m; M/ ~6 ^& ~0 F3 i! Z) V, |; B/ ~1 [: y, @5 Y) t! Y
While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing
+ n) S& V: e( l% E8 r. Bmarket is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and1 h. \1 c1 B3 F( ?. p- u+ N* D- p
financial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada
% z$ ]8 L/ }, ?7 hare markedly different than those found in the United States.% z; U# |6 }( H$ ~% g2 M" b+ E* U
$ x3 D5 @# R! z( ?9 K* f% P' w. a
Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the4 F4 O, C- V5 X7 n: ^9 v- c0 |
American market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's
( V; T! D8 C. U0 Rfavour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the+ q3 g, @6 p' G: {& {! K: }" Z6 v
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general0 [0 h) y- Z% x0 A8 K
affordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the
9 z% r( V' T7 V( a) r8 rdownside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and
9 Y3 w9 ?6 D0 ~1 f( H/ u- }2 Z$ saggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization3 g$ O z: {; I' {. M! @
mortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."
: {9 v8 z$ @9 P; K- Y
/ s. ]1 j+ a1 s: j- A <<9 T+ g9 h' `. `4 Z- _/ d
REGIONAL SUMMARIES
& `3 B5 { U2 C- ? >>' x' Q$ s7 I8 z( T8 W! ]! }& E$ S& N
3 I9 O; j" |0 J0 i- R Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in
6 v/ ~$ S- x% i6 K/ W6 |! DHalifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate* S1 T% f' F) P' l% h* ~1 C% d
of price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time5 D, w5 t8 N( A7 S7 E0 z2 Y2 B
looking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of, E" t/ t" t# }; z& \, l" _+ [
renovations.
3 ~5 B) _5 w6 k+ l$ f2 `. a- r, r9 A8 J) T: K' ?3 E
The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight
% J5 J; X ?) w8 l0 ^& Gincrease in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation
) L) b1 s8 A4 w0 Q1 `8 ^* ycompared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and
, [; E! w. m/ h+ T L* S. J- bSeptember and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.
M( Z& d/ G) v8 \9 }
, N' l; A8 r) j" B* `$ ?: V) h The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer
) @" `0 O( U: B5 r( aslowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the1 x9 L5 y6 [, W8 l
quarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new
8 q0 {* f. g+ q/ l S! Q600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores
* N2 v- e1 U5 A5 D% x3 N9 `to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes
# k# ]/ h6 i! @" O& X( k: Jand are instead opting for more affordable housing options.6 H" x* L7 e* v# o9 Z! Y. d. _
! i4 X6 Q, ^5 s- M8 P; v
In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced8 A. \ a0 ~( V
conditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
" v: p, m' ?- Q8 z8 f; uhomes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers
9 g6 @0 a- e) o: ~2 \+ v! c: Hwas down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian
$ Y9 a. W1 K' h! Pdollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing2 n4 F' f |' L0 f4 Q
buyers with more options when looking for a home.; |# `& d! ~7 k6 l# U1 j8 z
' ~' v& t1 |( t! x
Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly+ V. F7 k3 N' n+ q- B2 a `
among higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes
0 Z% t4 ?# K9 W% \priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,5 `1 ~$ I( r: b+ L8 Y- y
as some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last3 t% h% j# D% P
few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions.
6 P+ s/ B4 U& O
& A) P: o+ c5 `5 G0 [ Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house
( R9 w+ Y, z, W# c. Bprices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory
" {1 v- _4 U! W8 s1 ^levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting
& ?* ?) \/ X) U; w) c' qfirst-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,' s1 F2 y' y b0 N; t
when rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the' K$ |% [3 Q- h' g$ j! q- Q6 e$ C- H
pressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before
+ g4 o7 k& Z. m! }making a purchase.1 ~, l6 {2 H# ]5 X' Y! z) H
( ~( o- k) K u0 S Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing
4 V4 D' ^8 R( D" Hmarkets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong0 G& j) N( G! w: h
confidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city1 G% F5 ^0 S- S, e. M; M; Z
centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting& K' b7 K! m5 @# x. a9 u* x
attention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown
0 v$ j7 U. T2 T( n% p0 }% N" A. Damenities.
6 F; G/ \, o2 v; m, E w& Y/ E! x' N" b2 q7 G
The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels" ^3 y" O: a$ S$ L* w" X
throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand4 E h9 G! y1 U3 p
across the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has8 C7 u \ j4 y$ e& c
continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been
H9 P, W6 ~5 F4 G; {driven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle0 l. O! E9 N' \1 U- N1 ^& w. ~8 R
residence, rather than for investment.7 Y. G' `3 ~ r- U) \
) U" L. P1 a- T3 E/ W The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as' z; E# ]7 j( N3 Q* \. p( s
house prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted
0 z" j' G# Y ~) y/ Rin a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer Z1 L; R1 f" u9 H1 }- @3 V; |
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization
: c$ Y5 ~5 |9 z% r( krate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter: ?3 ^# a0 [8 |' B* c4 t
the market.$ b' T4 V9 j2 Y9 x* {
2 B p! ]3 b' o) [, a In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through. e8 {1 @0 F; ?% ?2 I$ c
July, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In @" z/ V/ M$ Y: J8 t) L9 E7 k; h. \" z
August, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring* S9 J; y4 b" H% d# k9 `# \: W
months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due
% [ Y! F+ _2 y$ c& j7 Ato the shortage of available inventory.
0 Q& F. b. a" n8 j* {6 V. K$ e) X% O9 l
Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its
" y Y5 J @; r2 qmomentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains/ W4 d1 x8 }7 `1 J7 m6 v
vibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses& {6 I/ A& Q$ W8 V/ X
struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.
' e: H# B5 B! W: M3 H9 D% o
% {& y/ m; F- x5 L Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases, O7 i# ]; ~. O2 l7 p
in the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low
E& x$ M8 }- w3 c# g( P7 {0 L j7 ounemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that
# B( C4 q6 ]! ipressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring. A' p6 G$ B8 ^5 b% n' U
prices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer
& G' G6 _6 W& r5 p, W8 A. Qseason - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as
8 y$ Q, ?! A9 f0 w/ B$ ^- n3 n/ Gbuyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.0 }' @1 U0 K! G N! K; a6 A" \
% ?* x( O7 M, r. i# f Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter7 d |( {1 p2 b& D
as activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton6 C- h, w! L) u, A7 E
remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,
: e# O5 A0 }# h0 R0 omaintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices& _" y7 R. k; Z* `/ {4 G
increasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve# s6 O% t% |6 A& {% V5 T
in the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly
3 H+ U/ ]. X' V( }! otowards the end of 2006. 8 v, |+ ], }- f* ^+ q" v. s' Y
: l) M$ L2 x2 x) \- uWhile Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of
2 w5 L( t0 u* oinventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable' z* N6 H4 p6 k2 W
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse' y1 U4 |, r9 v+ C' i* U& u
group of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to' z( Z) N1 J" X; J9 S
foreign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added+ i1 k6 b/ q$ G, B! U6 O9 ?/ H
pressure on tight inventory levels.; H1 N) R% p$ x
) z$ S# |, g H: @ Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic/ x' ? b! m4 V0 E
fundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people; R/ S. ^# b3 v& O; o
into the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;
" [( E- }9 w z! G/ Cwhile increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching
$ o% J/ x# Q; Mfor a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.
9 Z) k2 I5 o" r+ A, x1 v+ ?* V3 F$ H9 H' m9 I# m2 x2 E+ v
<<2 y! H4 d8 f' T" l$ V5 w. g! V5 U
Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006; F" R4 A; t- D) p* {" z
4 {+ ^0 h0 n% g) \5 S
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 j M9 T; h* F0 i6 k+ |2 F& W Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey2 @6 A) w( c, R @; n
-------------------------------------------------------------------------2 `- T4 t) u+ ~
2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3! I! n M0 a6 f
Market Average Average % Change Average Average) e# \2 y1 d7 I/ a; z* \' T1 i
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
, Q2 J! M* e" l0 v: H9 t Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000
( S: H& K7 g, p -------------------------------------------------------------------------
: c! T3 s0 z9 R. Y Q Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,000
+ c! q. K* }/ `7 O/ w -------------------------------------------------------------------------% s6 c# c9 e3 P% e
Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000) F% k7 n2 \6 T! B l! b) ~
-------------------------------------------------------------------------0 T) U. L' }$ ^2 P. N8 v1 O* R9 y
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -
1 O% Y3 }7 |: i/ I* I# _* n/ W -------------------------------------------------------------------------( B$ z5 M" ^6 B% B4 r
St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333' i2 D2 q: C7 n C( X+ m) j" u
-------------------------------------------------------------------------: d. N% f! \- ]; j1 S" l' M
Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,5831 K& Y) |# q6 A. q0 F/ O
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 f( ?' l1 W, y% o- L" v. Q' n' P Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,185
& n$ s0 G0 q! n5 W/ o# b8 G+ b% M -------------------------------------------------------------------------% ^+ T0 S6 M+ ~( r, ?+ e' n
Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250! `% h$ x- ^1 w2 e( h) c
-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ ?8 g" }9 Q) g4 k" _1 o
Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766
* t. j. Z$ C2 k. ? -------------------------------------------------------------------------- o' n; s4 O; Y+ E( V9 F$ p
Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707
8 Y, P" ^7 B8 _: O4 v E8 O -------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Z- g, \9 r# k! H( f: \ Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500
- @! K1 r7 {* x6 f -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% q0 b1 G, X2 d9 T Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,389
' c4 q& w1 H+ ~" A8 W% Z8 b -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ B# e. v( W' Y0 k% e1 T s8 V' F, e8 b Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714# W4 U1 p" F7 }% B$ A# M
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
; @6 i3 A' G8 J; Z+ W9 [ Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,5000 n+ C* Y; p* @- }' G
-------------------------------------------------------------------------' c, `# @) c6 P' R0 r' h- f
Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,0005 A6 {- s7 {2 H. @! ]! O
-------------------------------------------------------------------------( F w5 f8 m# C* X
National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860+ u& r2 R9 A9 P% S- ^& }
-------------------------------------------------------------------------$ a- c- H$ U9 p4 y p
; R- A8 k3 v- F' l5 N! {- B
-------------------------------------------------------------- ]# t% `4 k9 ~
Standard Condominium
9 |* G* }3 s% e -------------------------------------------------------------$ _3 m4 R8 @9 Q1 B$ i
2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo
- D! l) o- i4 x/ a S6 x( s Market % Change Average Average % Change
) w' z; w4 M4 A4 c! [& V. N; q/ w -------------------------------------------------------------
0 y' z3 \. a# P p+ j5 E Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9%7 y/ A+ E* ?3 y. x% N4 d) m! a
-------------------------------------------------------------
3 T) I" l9 a; c) y, K Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%
, y9 `. _* n# f: P' h% E -------------------------------------------------------------
* f2 i; h' c4 c2 E3 j Moncton 4.9% - - N/A
! s5 ]: {* { A- T9 ~# Z -------------------------------------------------------------7 r7 [( S( \. p2 |
Saint John N/A - - N/A+ ~& J3 ^# `* ^
-------------------------------------------------------------/ E- V$ i( K8 {4 f
St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%
3 I2 v9 T Z' U% ]; Q, ^ -------------------------------------------------------------
2 F g% U7 U% G2 M Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%
( t( d4 U& [$ B, ~; C+ [4 B& X -------------------------------------------------------------
7 _; P( h4 w, k6 d Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8%1 \( `% t8 N. [ Z: O" G, t0 m
-------------------------------------------------------------
9 {( {1 B, j; f/ N7 q! o Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%1 z( Q s. s5 _0 y, {8 e
------------------------------------------------------------- B( L" P2 q" \0 Q; a- N+ m
Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%
" N6 t" U! s5 f% M, r -------------------------------------------------------------
+ v* Z5 k& y% S6 J. c" a( e) Q Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%
u; A1 x$ i Y1 \ -------------------------------------------------------------5 J8 _) C0 l7 @ K: c
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%( }$ P2 ]9 s* b9 R' f: p7 {2 D
-------------------------------------------------------------' x7 v5 L! o# w; J" c
Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%1 @& o7 N; ~. M
-------------------------------------------------------------
. g9 S: d$ F, o. r( @, t Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%
$ _& Q% Q+ o7 F -------------------------------------------------------------( y# j3 B4 u/ \. R
Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%
- E4 r+ h% Y9 a9 } -------------------------------------------------------------
( h9 Y7 j8 ^ n) K8 }% c( n* q Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%
1 g4 q. k# x) A- k -------------------------------------------------------------& T+ x4 c( _+ U; B
National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%) J5 `' B: d; J- {8 r
-------------------------------------------------------------, R. V+ ~5 B" @' K+ b4 ^0 H
>>
8 I9 x( H8 [ q6 O% m M
$ [5 Q1 d1 i* x4 R$ P: r i Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined0 h5 K* ~1 `* n
in the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint
8 z' v3 i" L3 J$ V* T/ H4 o6 yJohn and Victoria.+ i7 N2 ?: l3 z! [# C4 }
# R) Z( a, a0 R: _2 X6 c! w8 o
The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most) t! n' b4 @: O, |% E
comprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of
4 Z- ?7 a& X6 k6 i) [$ khousing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release$ E: X! C4 Q) M
references an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price* @6 R( ^, S2 I! _7 D2 n
trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities
% ]2 B- h$ t- qacross the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is
, L+ R, { J, w8 Q) `% @2 n2 Z {available on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current4 b* r$ p) a1 e x5 J
figures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable" p6 u% x% \/ I" I* o
version of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on9 F6 Y- @) F+ n% w
November 15, 2006.$ `1 N j" Y5 ?' c
Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of
5 ~" j1 q% |/ ^. @* L" _# d+ {& R; Nfair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge
* p6 s" S8 o( m1 e2 Iprovided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is
6 e: `5 a% A2 ~available for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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发表于 2006-9-29 08:09
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