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Canada's housing market both vigorous and stable ! V! p* W- I& l, I% k- t2 Q! ^
1 H" h8 Y! V6 w2 X2 u- Country's market poised to show growth throughout 2006 -+ _8 u1 [( A/ y
" |3 \% F& M& u9 l+ T4 w
TORONTO, Sept. 28 /CNW/ - For most of Canada, the housing market
$ C8 |, t5 a5 a( M) S) }exhibited moderate price increases and stable unit sales during the third
; t" L* R6 K! lquarter. Wide regional variances continued to be the dominant characteristic& a5 i8 D7 D/ A# y( S3 G8 j. z, M
in the market, exemplified by frenzied levels of activity and double digit4 j% G4 \& @8 Z' A
price gains observed in the energy and commodity rich Western provinces, and/ J, a; U* p$ J; E: L
more reasonable sales volumes and moderate price appreciation in Ontario,
9 L6 A) R( D* ?0 uQuebec and Atlantic Canada, according to a report released today by Royal6 i0 v, w& \3 {; n) O4 q. \+ m
LePage Real Estate Services.3 R! v/ P# ~4 ^+ q6 X2 j
( p5 c+ b9 i5 c+ l$ K/ z
Nationally, market trends established through the first three quarters+ `" W% w% } C2 T! V$ m
are forecast to continue for the remainder of the year. Robust economic6 x9 _: N( u& C1 k* o
conditions, low unemployment rates, modestly growing salaries and wages, and$ ?" L- |/ R* a9 O4 G T+ `
sound consumer confidence contributed to the overall strength of the R7 D) s$ Z9 G7 q3 O, `
residential real estate sector.
& L5 L* X& [9 i, [4 R3 b
# D2 n6 b$ Y: p5 q! c! I7 A Of the housing types surveyed, the highest average price appreciation
- c& z6 a) i6 }) c+ q+ X! @2 ioccurred in detached bungalows, which rose to $300,365 (+16.3%)
& x8 f- I. R, k: vyear-over-year, followed by standard condominiums, which rose to $211,562; ~, q1 Y) D) @
(+14.2%), and standard two-storey properties, which increased to $365,380) x. L# ]* C2 ?/ u, o4 h _
(+13.2%).; q: N9 r( ?0 j
! V L) r2 f0 b+ x7 q2 k, l( U( g
"Canada's sturdy housing market continued to demonstrate steady growth4 u1 s0 X& R0 ]) ^/ F1 c4 K
during the third quarter. For all but the west, we have moved on from the; m6 v% g' q9 l3 e( j* D
frenzied expansion that characterized the first half of this decade, and are
5 t/ j# y; O5 ?3 h: _2 d8 G+ hpoised to show continued growth at a more moderate pace," said Phil Soper,8 Z1 f4 ^1 r0 C
president and chief executive officer, Royal LePage Real Estate Services.
8 o% a( \4 E, k8 v x"Gone is the sellers' market that we have lived with for some years. We" b3 `7 J: Z0 Y6 |. k
welcome the more reliable conditions that are characteristic of a healthy' z. j3 e1 X9 c$ t0 | J4 s5 c
balanced market."
) ?, G$ ]; l# [: m8 s$ m6 [
# t" {, p3 z9 Z5 X7 X* Z$ X. J Despite the double-digit rise in average national house prices,
7 C7 O1 n3 p# t* l5 t' g8 c1 c9 B4 @considerable regional variances were exhibited again this quarter. The shift
! r) u# f5 B6 Ato balanced market conditions, which began in late 2005, has continued
% Y- ~# H) W0 b5 T6 Rthroughout most of the Central and Eastern regions of the country. In the core) v) I/ I: m) r1 X
energy producing western provinces, the combination of very high in-migration,8 H; U2 ~" s9 I2 C! U( U; ?( {
manageable affordability, and a shortage of inventory has driven record
/ d5 ?, B6 s) A9 N" {2 F8 k. f* B- xbreaking price appreciations.
) i! n! o! L8 w1 S$ W) t( H Z; ?, \- Q3 z9 C$ _, F# a
Echoing the second quarter and supported by Alberta's rapidly expanding
7 E, g6 ?+ F J J8 q5 Z. O; Seconomy, Calgary and Edmonton led the charge of Canadian cities with the
: Y$ j% b* y& c) `; }0 `, Clargest house price appreciation in all housing types surveyed.8 g, q* E0 Y8 B, ]
# ~3 d0 I6 L" W. o5 Q9 k2 |1 B5 I# L In Ottawa and Toronto, growth remained steady, supported by solid
8 w4 F0 k3 ]* q3 I# q. J% Eeconomic fundamentals, an increase in available inventory and strong consumer
. f1 |2 U7 j5 w* k1 `confidence. While the pace of price appreciation in Ontario leveled off; b. E5 A- I M2 `% o4 ]
slightly, the province's real estate market remains poised for modest growth.
$ w: Z9 d. }" p1 h9 M! o" S$ P# d% vIn Atlantic Canada, new housing and condominium construction offered buyers
! X0 f# h* m9 b& k% C& ^: Fgreater selection at more competitive prices, resulting in a slower rate of* Q. E5 n' {2 ?; K
price appreciation when compared with 2005.
' \9 Q3 Y: F4 y0 @+ }, _3 b( ?0 x6 x3 h. W! ]5 L$ A: q/ }' [ F
While the pace of growth in Canada has slowed, the domestic housing: w+ f' O; f- N0 W, n
market is expected to outperform the American market. The economic and
' {. ?7 s# W# Y ^1 Ifinancial fundamentals driving the residential real estate sector in Canada
7 o5 [; a1 c' I6 U- z( R: a Rare markedly different than those found in the United States." F4 }# A! w' @! ?# o# r
' x7 s( s" E2 e K Added Soper: "Canada's housing market is likely to outperform the
* j: L' i& ~, h! dAmerican market through 2007. A number of factors are working in Canada's
# r9 m( Y8 N9 }2 ^favour, including healthy personal and governmental debt levels, the& ~" m0 |1 o5 @. R9 s( [
relatively modest rise in interest rates in our country, and general* U, e& Y$ q& q
affordability in our major cities. In addition, Americans are now seeing the
1 K# @8 d: H$ Adownside of a tax system that encourages maximum homeowner leverage, and% ]% O% Y2 L+ R, A
aggressive financial products such as zero- and negative-amortization) G1 q" v3 l% b& ~
mortgages that work only in a high price growth environment."1 T8 B2 s5 E+ s2 w5 |: r5 C
" f5 G% p! z9 c7 i2 o <<
# }3 K$ r2 l3 ^% l$ l; u8 W1 F REGIONAL SUMMARIES. x& R6 Y4 K% `/ I
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Balanced conditions continued to characterize the housing market in
' l3 V2 s0 K3 g1 X" F7 ZHalifax, as significantly higher inventory levels helped to moderate the rate2 X2 k3 [6 i$ u' a+ h
of price appreciation. Buyers were increasingly choosy, taking more time
8 v2 I) C0 T. i+ [looking for newer, low-maintenance properties that were not in need of
! m8 d m6 s+ Drenovations.$ {+ C6 S8 n; R
' ]. d& h/ p8 V: U8 Q
The housing market in Moncton remained healthy and strong as a slight- }' @' y7 G, b* r2 L
increase in inventory helped to moderate the rate of price appreciation4 X# B- M8 l- p# P8 K
compared to the same period in 2005. Activity was brisk throughout August and
$ V$ I; F/ C; [1 {September and is expected to remain this way through the fourth quarter.) `/ C" @# @ A
% F- m, p5 g# j9 F The housing market in Saint John underwent its traditional summer \% q/ O0 ^+ ]6 U4 k/ H
slowdown in the third quarter, with activity picking up towards the end of the- Y$ s- |7 c" j$ [- x9 H' V! h
quarter. The local economy continued to thrive, as construction on a new
- F- R! A: M% m! }/ ]600,000 square-foot shopping area has begun, bringing several new box stores P1 F& z; u+ W" p$ A9 o
to the area. Buyers have begun seeking less expensive fixtures for their homes3 e2 o) O5 S% @0 p8 O$ r" r+ r
and are instead opting for more affordable housing options.8 x( b% Q/ k8 A& o( m" v6 r
, {0 V Y( z$ |
In Charlottetown, the housing market started to move towards balanced
, ?9 d2 m) r5 K3 ?( Zconditions, as some sellers had to begin to lower the asking prices on their
9 j5 U! ]$ A7 e _+ O# e" |1 Fhomes to make them more competitive. Activity from out-of-town and US buyers
# p3 g5 M' X- t% _4 t5 dwas down slightly compared to 2005, likely attributable to the strong Canadian) k8 m" ]7 Y* o# L8 Q% @* q
dollar. Inventory levels began to creep up in the third quarter, providing) r% V! H+ j9 S3 @' w) e4 n* G
buyers with more options when looking for a home.
5 H# o( H' \! X+ ?9 U* b3 Y1 E$ H. N: b2 ~# M" J8 U: N
Activity in St. John's slowed slightly in the third quarter, particularly$ t$ o( E. K. r; T
among higher-priced properties, where there was a slight over-supply of homes
" n" Y- a& _* s& R$ t0 `4 _priced over $200,000. Listing periods have increased when compared with 2005,' M: Z( V. G( ~! ]( q7 ^) r
as some of the pent-up demand that had characterized the market over the last E: h$ B/ s$ d7 w
few years has been satisfied, resulting in more normal, balanced conditions. G! C8 V$ Z: @2 m6 K) w! @" \
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Montreal's housing market recorded modest increases in average house
+ @3 d2 y6 }- h0 a* L8 p) zprices, due to a slight seasonal slowdown in the third quarter as inventory# d: {/ h/ z* d7 l" ~9 v
levels rose. Part of this can be attributed to the fact that many renting
, Y m+ W3 i# |# ~7 W/ zfirst-time buyers were motivated to close on the purchase of a home by July 1,
% ]3 I j/ p6 B" v- Y0 S3 |; dwhen rental leases expire in Quebec. Once this date has passed some of the! _# Y1 s6 |: |# V$ _! ~3 ~
pressure is taken off the market, allowing buyers to visit more homes before1 m# s( x2 N4 S: D& y: h8 J
making a purchase.
( K9 P4 h$ v+ z4 U) [ E; S" B& l0 k7 u( i8 c5 |
Ottawa held its position as one of the country's most stable housing. ^& r* r- r2 K0 _) [: H
markets in the third quarter, reinforced by a vibrant local economy and strong
' b& F4 T2 W! t$ Nconfidence, resulting in modest increases in average house prices. The city/ ], W/ G; h5 }5 s6 P
centre remained a bright spot in Ottawa, with homes in this area attracting9 ~9 w8 E) N% R. @1 m8 m
attention due to their convenient location and proximity to downtown/ j4 h. }$ P9 a4 r
amenities.
3 R w8 @: Q' l6 F" R! }% i: X: A( o* }) k
The housing market in Toronto sustained healthy activity levels
7 Y+ Z8 o; v- b4 @, v# w/ \throughout the third quarter, as a strong economy helped to maintain demand' O8 h9 W+ I- H* y: ]" L. d4 w- J
across the city, causing average house prices to rise moderately. Toronto has' N1 ]2 V! {3 e( S& V4 m( {0 a" V
continued to experience modest growth in average house prices, and has been
0 H; z% ]+ U A. o. i( @+ Kdriven primarily by purchasers who are buying homes as their principle
. Z+ [$ S6 X+ B' Z& t. vresidence, rather than for investment.$ \6 L9 Y* Z, B: W% q; D8 S
- x1 }) g* J4 w8 Y
The vibrant Winnipeg housing market continued to show its strength as' ]. w8 ^: E0 M$ S; ^
house prices rose during the third quarter. The booming local economy resulted
1 x' v4 E5 y7 Z0 W' X! N' C/ w' b' Q! fin a historically low unemployment rate, helping to bolster consumer+ P1 Z) r8 B. t: C8 j# M
confidence and Winnipeg's ranking as the city with the lowest capitalization
* t8 I% t: ^& Q! Q% Y- a! _rate among the country's larger cities - helped to encourage buyers to enter
6 h$ B4 t' `( F/ K5 O# athe market. @# d. D/ O3 N b" ]
# D2 v( n8 ` d9 D; q In Regina, the market experienced a slight seasonal slowdown through( u; m, W! T) O' i4 b
July, as there were fewer purchasers in the market due to summer vacations. In
% j0 u, a/ j, V) M) T pAugust, activity resumed to the busy pace previously seen in the spring9 a9 v, V$ x# ^1 F# D) O
months, as the influx of purchasers made it more difficult to find a home due
" o; k9 B# _- z6 S4 {' R3 _2 eto the shortage of available inventory./ w, E9 Q* Z& i0 l
) F! R: p. `6 f
Activity in Saskatoon remained brisk as the market maintained its, A [; d$ u8 b1 O' J
momentum from the busy spring sales period. The economy in Saskatoon remains
! ~, d$ s" Y( R" T' b7 Uvibrant, as employment opportunities are abundant with many businesses
# v1 B; v. U( @struggling to make hires and having to recruit outside the province.
1 I$ G# }' ]- s) u% `% H7 m% W8 g! }( k2 D9 h- I
Calgary's housing market recorded blazing average house price increases
* ]/ z" S: t& G- D3 vin the third quarter, in all surveyed categories. The burgeoning economy, low$ \, o. O' r; e2 O0 M- c6 O: F7 z
unemployment rates and low inventory levels remained the leading factors that, K2 W' R0 e5 D7 v% p
pressured Calgary's house prices upwards. However, regardless of the soaring
2 w" y* H1 P1 Qprices that characterized the market - even during the typically slower summer
) B1 O4 B9 Y. Z% Yseason - it is expected that activity will become slightly more balanced, as; x( q/ O" F; I* R
buyers are becoming more reluctant to participate in the frenetic activity.2 \9 R0 u1 C. p. S5 G
8 c! P; w2 m/ J8 j1 \6 D* [+ G Edmonton's booming local economy continued to thrive in the third quarter
* R* A& `; S# ]/ g5 L8 vas activity in the oil sands north of the city continued to flourish. Edmonton5 T8 R3 c1 e3 b6 {0 @( P& r
remained the hub of activity for those coming to work in the oil industry,2 s* \7 T- N/ @. ~7 N
maintaining tight inventory levels across the city, resulting in prices* v8 e: R& j/ V! P1 w' e$ c
increasing at record levels. However, as inventory levels continued to improve
+ E/ o6 d; x9 xin the third quarter the rate of price appreciation should moderate slightly- P* J* l% ]. E+ ~" F/ H# c/ j
towards the end of 2006. + V1 m5 ]* Y/ r5 k% z7 y1 l+ k5 }
/ a2 I! c# V5 H
While Vancouver has seen a slight reprieve from the severe shortage of: q* K3 b: ]6 G, b& @; z
inventory that had previously characterized the market, supply is still unable6 B0 x3 r; W7 R3 ]/ X, P
to meet demand, driving house prices upwards. Vancouver has a very diverse
g! Q) A8 a+ v# W% a+ u- [group of active buyers - from first-time home buyers to baby-boomers to
. q5 H! k5 f, kforeign investors - all of whom fuel the demand for houses, placing added, z2 N( d/ K" l2 n
pressure on tight inventory levels.
5 v; j8 h P4 J4 @) r* D& M7 b' E3 I$ |9 h5 b: W% s) ~# X# k
Victoria's market is vibrant and supported by strong economic
4 g2 l6 X% L0 k) F; D' bfundamentals, fuelled by a booming tech sector and a migration of young people
2 ]; [( q9 h0 Finto the city that has continued to support the area's house price increases;
* T8 U2 V: q2 U! G2 c3 _0 }4 h, Uwhile increased inventory levels have afforded buyers more time when searching
* X& T( Q* u* w/ X3 b3 B1 F# Bfor a home, helping to normalize the market's pace.
+ t! ^/ a% r( g9 @8 |' s
- z& ~. D7 y2 A1 U8 w <<& Y# Q j9 p0 P. z4 Y: _
Survey of Canadian Average House Prices in the Third Quarter 2006
! S6 R w: Z) B
2 G& t% J& f. ~9 c. P -------------------------------------------------------------------------: ~5 i7 o2 k! P" C
Detached Bungalows Standard Two Storey
' s! A; W; a4 z( I( U" W -------------------------------------------------------------------------
! |5 s6 p& L( f( |; ~3 i! i 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Bungalow 2006 Q3 2005 Q3. s" Z5 O0 r, }8 e! r0 w
Market Average Average % Change Average Average& L0 t- T, X8 T! Q
-------------------------------------------------------------------------% q7 F2 p! o" G6 R' ~, H! Z
Halifax 186,333 173,333 7.5% 198,667 199,000
. {# d4 u/ x6 j% g -------------------------------------------------------------------------
: t# p' @, s2 b) y. q Charlottetown 145,000 141,000 2.8% 175,000 170,0002 i- h7 T$ Z7 @7 p a
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
) v8 L7 [- Z5 n Moncton 135,000 127,000 6.3% 129,000 123,000
: L, e6 S7 B) n3 p2 B1 Y -------------------------------------------------------------------------8 l+ F( d5 J, ^* A" q; u8 z
Saint John 141,200 142,900 -1.2% - -
/ b" K) ~7 G& C" E. _ -------------------------------------------------------------------------( P N' f* Q; d9 c& x" n! e( K
St. John's 143,667 142,667 0.7% 200,667 202,333
) R$ @8 Z& `8 [. e/ n6 Q3 T) y -------------------------------------------------------------------------
* {, y4 R0 E( ?: J1 [ Z, z Atlantic 150,240 145,380 3.3% 175,833 173,583
: j1 Q4 @( a% I! n -------------------------------------------------------------------------
/ |. C; t; o8 i: X: j( @, p Montreal 213,691 203,500 5.0% 321,141 316,1854 M0 L' \" u! b: H6 g* g) e
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
" {4 u1 s. _) z1 J( P3 y Ottawa 290,083 278,417 4.2% 285,667 273,250( V7 c& g4 h2 m& q& B ]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 P- Z, x! Y# q5 a2 f Toronto 373,368 355,882 4.9% 481,523 474,766
/ ~* {$ W1 M R5 B -------------------------------------------------------------------------
) e4 @ z* p9 m; D- y1 N* c! B' B Winnipeg 181,579 159,860 13.6% 202,337 180,707$ g+ r5 M- i. U+ Z! A, R
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
( y! m& ` r% \, O. V5 D Saskatchewan 170,667 156,083 9.3% 182,600 166,500
9 t+ s3 z7 P0 Y# Q8 l. s -------------------------------------------------------------------------* j, R8 ]$ E7 s+ I
Calgary 395,067 252,411 56.5% 405,778 264,3897 h) t' g1 | W0 @6 W; ], b
-------------------------------------------------------------------------$ `5 p# w% O3 L
Edmonton 286,857 194,857 47.2% 316,429 206,714
# g% L8 ]4 A( I. t1 i& { -------------------------------------------------------------------------# U4 l# @& a% t! g8 W3 N: j
Vancouver 704,250 601,000 17.2% 794,000 697,5002 H+ V, I4 w3 ^4 k8 E8 T5 v4 x
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 U) \0 q% S2 E0 Q Victoria 375,000 348,000 7.8% 403,000 391,000
) o% a7 m! M9 V5 Y0 `4 E8 H -------------------------------------------------------------------------
6 y) z) a- i9 H0 f8 c0 { National 300,365 258,202 16.3% 365,380 322,860
* e6 R- ^6 d E. _' V+ p5 d } -------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 j/ W3 e+ I0 B- o \' F$ t& ?+ D
$ O' d6 K" e' @( b -------------------------------------------------------------
" W2 C ^' ]4 Z: g Standard Condominium
0 X+ R4 W' d0 n* y9 `9 H# K* k -------------------------------------------------------------
. i# [) W% ~, F8 a! t( b7 m) A 2-Storey 2006 Q3 2005 Q3 Condo
+ z, D( A; b5 X' t" g Market % Change Average Average % Change/ ~2 m* |, L% k- @8 X9 a& U
-------------------------------------------------------------) a) Z8 A" T& L& r4 K6 w
Halifax -0.2% 142,000 103,000 37.9% y; @: y3 |5 Y6 a! Q. Z
-------------------------------------------------------------* D/ e! V5 E4 ~
Charlottetown 2.9% 98,000 98,000 0.0%4 g7 _( Y. B1 O3 D; K
-------------------------------------------------------------
+ Z* k+ Q p" l0 d Moncton 4.9% - - N/A
( h' N' L% [4 O2 t -------------------------------------------------------------
F0 f8 o; |# L* R S Saint John N/A - - N/A
6 W7 v5 w: z2 s$ x6 z -------------------------------------------------------------
0 U+ R6 L7 D3 p! `, l- H/ J& l St. John's -0.8% 146,333 145,667 0.5%7 g6 N4 E S! P, G
-------------------------------------------------------------8 B* P1 z2 s8 I3 c# F9 t9 s H
Atlantic 1.3% 128,778 115,556 11.4%9 I( Q! |; f+ V1 P3 z
-------------------------------------------------------------9 n# C% }+ @/ @" G
Montreal 1.6% 193,190 188,016 2.8% |- b7 E0 W( {- D+ v1 K7 C
-------------------------------------------------------------
6 f, R8 ^+ [% ]4 ~ Ottawa 4.5% 181,083 172,250 5.1%' P! f9 K! Q. l M( ~
-------------------------------------------------------------
' n$ i7 A8 Y+ B: N' k! C Toronto 1.4% 252,088 242,918 3.8%& F: M% |; j ]: \
-------------------------------------------------------------$ @2 v& H( ]) }1 t
Winnipeg 12.0% 105,648 96,008 10.0%
! [8 Z8 o: p# J: }$ t: [7 L" x -------------------------------------------------------------6 L0 x+ q) _2 |0 m7 @+ k* `4 J9 e. B
Saskatchewan 9.7% 106,250 101,000 5.2%
1 W: i. t1 ^& ]# u& q$ T1 T. l -------------------------------------------------------------
* ?3 A) ^5 {5 y- e/ V+ u Calgary 53.5% 245,844 153,867 59.8%
' a u$ s5 h" v' h$ K3 m -------------------------------------------------------------) p! Z1 ?& `) w( \5 j, l
Edmonton 53.1% 200,433 131,500 52.4%
7 K" D$ `0 m' u7 m -------------------------------------------------------------' J' t% a9 T. V* n
Vancouver 13.8% 366,250 323,250 13.3%
' A9 w4 v6 W8 ]0 z% b -------------------------------------------------------------
$ ^% A6 B7 o' b% f2 Q2 U Victoria 3.1% 229,000 220,000 4.1%
! T8 F/ ?0 K& G+ y j -------------------------------------------------------------* R0 h9 |2 Z6 r+ b/ N/ t
National 13.2% 211,562 185,296 14.2%- I: O# \' D% f7 B5 x: n
-------------------------------------------------------------. u N2 }0 O. E0 ]
>>
# r0 k/ ~5 P* N# ]2 \6 q! m) _& i+ u" ~( `" c/ g9 Q% P( j
Average house prices are based on an average of all sub-markets examined
i9 t5 A/ \5 W* Jin the area, except for the smaller markets of Charlottetown, Moncton, Saint! I4 S* T& k8 B- E# Y9 _
John and Victoria.+ N# W6 F1 B6 ^. z/ J4 c' @
! f, s0 ?) }9 }) [+ {( r
The Royal LePage Survey of Canadian House Prices is the largest, most4 I3 F% _& \& P' P# X
comprehensive study of its kind in Canada, with information on seven types of0 y. X8 O- [4 ^# d1 M
housing in over 250 neighbourhoods from coast to coast. This release
+ r( h: _. B" }+ k6 r" N8 U# Kreferences an abbreviated version of the survey, which highlights house price# C: U6 ?: X& f3 {& \, U
trends for the three most common types of housing in Canada in 80 communities" r4 G- n0 h- C- d4 ?( D1 ?
across the country. A complete database of past and present surveys is7 K* d' A+ o3 l; `8 {& W
available on the Royal LePage Web site at www.royallepage.ca, and current
" D n3 n2 \5 N4 Ofigures will be updated following the end of the third quarter. A printable
" Z0 k, d- r8 v4 n1 \: n0 kversion of the third quarter 2006 survey will be available online on0 q5 ^( J3 D6 V& c1 T( F- v
November 15, 2006.
, V+ E* h+ n* H+ n, X0 |* S: Z Housing values in the Royal LePage Survey are Royal LePage opinions of
. X4 Z3 k; l& N/ Hfair market value in each location, based on local data and market knowledge
?/ K. F5 Q8 U! a- \. N* }& qprovided by Royal LePage residential real estate experts. Historical data is# e$ B9 ]% E1 ]7 I- E4 O
available for some areas back to the early 1970s. |
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